The motivational and volitional spheres of personality play an important role in shaping human behavior and actions. Motivation and will are two interrelated phenomena that determine why a person acts one way or another, how they overcome difficulties, and what goals they set for themselves. Motivation answers the question “why” and “what for.” It induces action, forming desires and needs. Will is connected to how exactly a person acts. It helps to overcome obstacles, maintain focus on the goal, and act even when it is difficult.
1. Motivational Sphere of Personality
Motivation includes:
- Needs (basic biological and psychological needs of a person that require satisfaction).
- Motives (an internal or external stimulus that prompts a person to act to satisfy their needs).
- Goals (concrete results that a person strives for).
- Orientation (personal preferences and interests that influence the choice of activity).
A need is a state of deficiency in some area of a person’s life, which prompts them to act to fill this deficiency. Needs can be different in their nature and level of complexity.
“Psychologist Abraham Maslow described various levels of human needs and their interrelationship. He presented his theory in the form of a pyramid consisting of five levels of needs, where lower levels must be satisfied before a person can strive for higher ones.”
Physiological needs. Basic human needs, such as food, water, air, sleep, warmth, and other physical conditions and circumstances. These needs are primary and most important.